The latter 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed an attack on old forms, but what the new writers evolved was simply a new architecture. A novel such as James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), which takes place in a day and an evening, is one of the most highly structured (yet innovative) ever written. Novelists such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, Virginia Woolf, and, in his later period, Henry James developed a multiple-aspect narrative, sometimes by using time shifts and flashbacks and by writing from different points of view, sometimes by using the device (dating back to Classical Greek romances) of having one or more narrators as characters within the story. (This technique, which was first perfected in the verse novels of Robert Browning, in fact reached its most extreme development in the English language in poetry: in Ezra Pound’s Cantos, T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, William Carlos Williams’ Paterson, and the many long poems influenced by them.)

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